Thrombocytopenia: Symptoms and Treatment

An excessively low platelet count in the blood might result in thrombocytopenia. Larger cells are converted into platelets, which are small blood cells in the bone marrow. Platelets aggregate to create a plug that seals wounds when you are hurt. A blood clot is the term used to describe this blockage. Because a blood clot is sometimes known as a thrombus, platelets are also referred to as thrombocyte blood cells.

If there is severe bleeding or bleeding in the brain, thrombocytopenia may pose a major threat to life. It’s possible to prevent major consequences with early treatment.

What is Thrombocytopenia?

A low platelet count in the blood is known as thrombocytopenia. Blood cells called platelets, also known as thrombocytes, aid in blood clotting. When blood vessels are injured, platelets cluster together to create plugs that halt the bleeding. A bone marrow illness like leukemia or an issue with the immune system can also lead to thrombocytopenia. Alternatively, it could be a consequence of taking specific drugs. It has an impact on both adults and children.

Mild cases of thrombocytopenia may show minimal signs or symptoms. Rarely internal bleeding can become very threatening due to a low platelet count.

Causes of Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia can result from:

• Decreased Platelet Production: Conditions like leukemia, aplastic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, severe infections, chemotherapy, or excessive alcohol intake can reduce platelet formation.
• Increased Platelet Destruction: Autoimmune disorders (e.g., ITP, lupus), bacterial infections, pregnancy, and certain medications may lead to faster platelet breakdown.
• Excessive Platelet Trapping: An enlarged spleen, often linked to liver disease or cancers, can trap too many platelets.
• Other Factors: Toxins, surgeries, and some medications may also contribute.

Determining the underlying cause is essential for successful treatment.

Types of Thrombocytopenia

The following forms of thrombocytopenia can occur based on the reason for low platelet counts:

• Immuno Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): Immuno thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is a disease that is frequently associated with insufficient platelets. The term “purpura” describes a purple, bruise-like appearance on the skin. Even if the cause of ITP is unknown to medical professionals, the issue is a malfunctioning immune system. The platelets are accidentally destroyed by antibodies, which are meant to combat infections.
• Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): Though rare, TTP can be harmful when it occurs. TTP causes numerous blood clots to form all over the body. These clots can harm or interfere with the normal function of the organs.
• Drug-induced Thrombocytopenia (DIT): DIT usually occurs 1-2 weeks after consuming a new drug.
• Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): This kind is caused by the medication heparin. Heparin is used by doctors to prevent blood clots when a patient is at risk of developing a deadly clot because of surgery or another medical condition. The drug could make the platelets aggregate instead of staying in the bloodstream.
• Gestational Thrombocytopenia: Pregnancy-related low platelets are most frequently caused by this kind. The exact reason for decreased platelet counts during pregnancy is unknown. It usually occurs around the end of pregnancy and usually disappears after birth. However, in the event of another pregnancy, gestational thrombocytopenia may recur.
• Delusional Thrombocytopenia: This type of thrombocytopenia occurs when a big blood transfusion replaces more blood than the body can use in a day which in turn might leave the patient with low platelets.
• Distributional Thrombocytopenia: When platelets become stuck in the spleen, the condition known as low platelet levels occur. Approximately 30% of platelets are typically found in the spleen. Approximately 90% of platelets may be located in the spleen when it becomes enlarged.
• Psuedothrombocytopenia: This sort of condition is not thrombocytopenia. This occurs when a blood test error causes platelets to appear low when they are not.

Symptoms of Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is asymptomatic for the majority of the time. Nevertheless, if the body shows symptoms, they may include:

• Bruises and Blotches: Large regions of bleeding beneath the skin that do not turn white upon pressure may be present. Additionally, you may notice what appears to be bruising from a bump or a blow. Over time, they could turn from blue or purple to yellow or green. They originate from the inside, where little blood vessels suddenly burst. These are known by the medical term purpura
• Bleeding: Usually, this originates from the nose or gums. During the menstrual cycle, thrombocytopenia may also result in heavier or longer periods or breakthrough bleeding. There’s a chance that the stool or urine also might contain blood.
• Flat & Red Spots on Skin: These pinhead-sized spots, which can occur in clusters, are most visible on the legs and feet. Physicians may refer to them as petechiae. Petechiae do not turn white when pressed.
• Exhaustion: A person won’t feel exhausted and lethargic by low platelets alone. However, exhaustion can also be a symptom of other illnesses that lower platelets.
• Spleen Enlargement: This will be present when the spleen is retaining platelets, which might contribute to low platelet levels.
• Blood in Vomit: Hematemesis, often known as blood in the vomit, is an indication of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia

Diagnosing thrombocytopenia involves a series of tests and evaluations to identify the condition and its cause:

• Medical History and Physical Examination: Doctors assess your medical history, medications, and symptoms. They also check for bruising, rashes, or other signs.
• Complete Blood Count (CBC): This blood test measures platelet levels along with red and white blood cell counts.
• Peripheral Blood Smear: A blood sample is examined under a microscope to assess platelet size, shape, and appearance.
• Blood Clotting Tests: Tests like prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) help evaluate your blood’s ability to clot.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: If initial tests suggest a problem, a bone marrow biopsy may be done to assess platelet production.

These diagnostic steps help healthcare providers determine the root cause of thrombocytopenia and guide appropriate treatment.

Thrombocytopenia Treatment

The duration of thrombocytopenia might be days or years. Treatment might not be necessary for those with moderate thrombocytopenia. Treatment for individuals with thrombocytopenia is contingent upon the cause and severity of the condition.

Treating the underlying issue or medicine that is causing your thrombocytopenia may be a solution. For instance, your physician may recommend a new blood thinner if you have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Additional therapies might include:

• Platelet or Blood Transfusion: The doctor may suggest transfusions of packed red blood cells or platelets to replace lost blood if the platelet count drops too low.
• Medication: The healthcare provider may recommend medication to increase the platelet count if the disease is linked to an immune system issue.
• Surgical Procedures: If non-operative measures are ineffective, the physician may suggest a surgical procedure.
• Exchange of Plasma: Plasma exchange may be necessary in the event of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is a medical emergency.

Conclusion

Low platelet counts, or thrombocytopenia, might make a person more susceptible to problems like excessive bleeding and bruises. An internal hemorrhage or heart attack is more likely in cases of severe thrombocytopenia. It’s critical to comprehend the cause of low platelet counts if suffering from this illness. The reason for the low platelet count can be discussed by the healthcare professional, along with possible treatment choices. They’ll also go over lifestyle modifications that might raise the platelet counts.

Self-Care for Thrombocytopenia

Managing thrombocytopenia involves adopting certain lifestyle changes to reduce risks and improve overall well-being:

• Practice Safe Activities: Avoid contact sports or activities that may increase the risk of bruising or injury. Choose low-impact exercises like walking or swimming.
• Be Cautious with Medications: Some over-the-counter drugs, like aspirin and ibuprofen, can thin the blood. Always consult your doctor before taking medications or supplements.
• Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive alcohol can affect platelet production, so it’s important to drink in moderation or as advised by your doctor.
• Maintain Oral Hygiene: Gentle brushing and flossing can help prevent gum bleeding without causing irritation.
• Stay Safe During Travel: Wear seatbelts and follow safety precautions to minimize injury risks.
• Inform Healthcare Providers: Always inform doctors about your condition and medications, especially before surgery or dental procedures.

Following these self-care steps can help manage thrombocytopenia effectively and reduce complications.

When Should I Seek Medical Help?

Thrombocytopenia symptoms can appear suddenly or gradually. Additionally, it could result in bleeding throughout your body. Seek medical attention if you have any of the following symptoms:

• New bruises or unusual bleeding; these changes in your body may indicate thrombocytopenia.
• You exhibit additional infection-related symptoms, such as fever. There is a higher risk of infection if you have undergone a splenectomy.

Frequently Asked Questions