Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, aka ADHD, is a neurodevelopmental illness that primarily affects adults the most. It can cause persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Adult ADHD can lead to unstable relationships, poor performance at work or school, low self-esteem, and other problems.

Although referred to as adult ADHD, the condition typically begins in childhood. Many individuals experience symptoms early on, but these signs often go unnoticed or unrecognized. While some are diagnosed during childhood, others may not be identified until adulthood. Although ADHD symptoms can lessen over time, many adults who were diagnosed as children still face ongoing challenges. In addition to core symptoms, people with ADHD often struggle with related issues such as anxiety and sleep disturbances.

Symptoms

In some people, the symptoms reduce with age, while in others, they continue to experience symptoms that interfere with their daily functioning. The symptoms can be mild to serious and can change over time. The main symptoms are difficulty in paying attention, impulsiveness, and restlessness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Adult ADHD symptoms may include:

• Impulsiveness
• Disorganization and problems with prioritization
• Problems focusing on a task
• Poor time management
• Trouble with multitasking
• Restlessness and edginess
• Poor planning
• Low tolerance and frustration
• Frequent mood swings
• Unable to follow through and complete tasks
• Hot temper
• Problems coping with stress
• Blurting out responses and interrupting others
• Taking risks with no regard for personal safety, like driving dangerously

Causes

Scientists don’t understand the exact cause of ADHD. A combination of several factors is considered a risk factor for developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

• Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, and it is possible that you inherited certain genes from your parents that are a significant factor in developing the condition. It is possible that your parents or siblings also have ADHD if you have the condition. It is believed that a complex genetic condition causes it.
• Brain function and structure: People with ADHD have a slightly different brain structure from those who do not have the condition. Certain areas of the brain may be smaller in people with ADHD. Some studies suggest that people with ADHD have an imbalance in the level of neurotransmitters in the brain or that the chemicals are not working properly.
• Environmental factors: Certain people are at a higher risk of developing ADHD. Those who were born prematurely before the 37th week of pregnancy or those with a low birth weight. People with epilepsy or brain damage that happened in the womb or later through an injury. Smoking, alcohol, or drug abuse during pregnancy is believed to be a cause of ADHD. Exposure to lead or certain pesticides may be linked to ADHD. A diet high in fat, calories, and sugar is associated with ADHD in children.

You are at a higher risk for ADHD if you have a parent or sibling with the condition.

ADHD and Daily Life

 Adults with ADHD face a lot of challenges in daily life. These could include:

• Focus: They struggle to maintain attention and have difficulty focusing on tasks. Multitasking is particularly challenging for them.
• Organization: They often appear disorganized and tend to procrastinate frequently.
• Time Management and Planning: They exhibit poor time management skills and struggle with effective planning.
• Memory: They frequently forget things and often misplace personal items.
• Impulsivity: They show signs of impatience, experience mood swings, and may have sudden outbursts of anger.
• Restlessness: They find it hard to remain seated for extended periods and constantly seek physical activity or movement.
• Decision-Making: They tend to make impulsive decisions without considering the possible consequences.
• Stress Management: They struggle with managing stress effectively.
• Social Functioning: They may miss scheduled meetings or social events due to forgetfulness or disorganization.
• Work Performance: They often miss deadlines and have difficulty completing tasks efficiently.

Several adults get diagnosed with ADHD later in life, even though they were not diagnosed as children. This is possible because they either did not show the symptoms in childhood or were not recognized. Symptoms in adults interfere with daily life. Most adults with ADHD also have problems with their sleep. However, since the condition is often present with other mental disorders, it is difficult to treat. As people age, symptoms of inattention persist while symptoms like hyperactivity and impulsivity decline.

Diagnosis and Treatment

For a proper diagnosis, it is important to see a psychiatrist who has experience with diagnosing and treating people with adult ADHD. Among other things, they may ask you to:

• Undergo a physical exam to ensure that no other physical condition is causing your symptoms.
• Take a blood test
• Recommend psychological testing
• Ask you questions about your health and history

Most adults with ADHD who get diagnosed most probably had it as a child, but it went undiagnosed. Hence, the doctor will ask you about your behavior and any symptoms you had as a child. Things they may look at:

• School Records: Report cards may include comments highlighting behavioral challenges, trouble concentrating, limited effort, or academic performance that falls short of your potential.
• Childhood History: Talk to your parents or caregivers to determine whether you showed any signs or symptoms during childhood.

Treatment plans could include medicine, therapy, a better understanding of your condition, and help in getting family support. They will help you find new ways to do things and make your life easier. They will also help you feel better about yourself.

It is important not to arrive at a self-diagnosis. Psychiatrists can check if you have other conditions like a learning disability, anxiety, mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or dependence on drugs or alcohol. They will look at the whole picture and make a treatment plan for you.

Adults with ADHD are prescribed stimulant medications, which show big improvements in the symptoms. Stimulant medications are, however, not ideal because they can be addictive and misused. If an adult has had a substance abuse problem in the past, they may not be advised. Some stimulants wear off quickly, and people with ADHD are forgetful and forget to take their medicines. Depending on the need, the doctor may recommend a non-stimulant medicine as well.

Therapy and Behavioural Treatments

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps with self-esteem.
• Relaxation training and stress management to lower anxiety levels.
• Life coaching to help you set goals. It can also help you stay organized at home and work.
• Job coaching or mentoring at work to support you. It will also help you improve your relationships and performance.
• Your family and loved ones must understand ADHD better and help you find ways to improve your life.

While there is no guarantee, it is believed that mindfulness meditation may boost your mood and help you pay more attention. This type of meditation uses guided imagery and deep breathing techniques to relax your mind and body. These kinds of alternative treatments do help. However, get advice from your doctor before you try alternative treatments.

Coping Strategies and Support

Here are some coping strategies for adults with ADHD:

• Exercise: Regular physical activity can elevate concentration and reduce hyperactivity. Try participating in a team sport or working out with a friend to stay motivated.
• Sleep: Getting enough quality sleep is essential. Avoid caffeine in the evenings, create a consistent bedtime routine, and go to bed simultaneously every night.
• Self-Care: It is important to take care of your health. Reduce alcohol consumption, eat a nutritious, balanced diet, and avoid smoking.
• Support Groups: Joining support groups can provide helpful perspectives from people who are managing similar symptoms. These groups are available both online and in person.
• Family and Friends: Support from those close to you can make a big difference. Help them understand ADHD so they can better support you.
• Organization: Use tools like calendar reminders and alarms to help you remember important tasks. Keep your spaces organized to avoid losing items.

Managing ADHD Over Time

If you have been diagnosed with ADHD as an adult, it likely means you had it during childhood, but it went undiagnosed. ADHD cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, it can be effectively managed. Some symptoms may improve over time, although there might be periods when your ADHD symptoms become more noticeable. Since ADHD tends to run in families, it cannot be completely prevented.

Frequently Asked Questions