Tooth Decay: Causes, Stages, Prevention, and Treatment

The damage bacteria in your mouth do to teeth is known as tooth decay. The acids produced by these bacteria can erode tooth layers, which consist of the tooth’s pulp, dentin, and enamel, which are its hard outer layers. The damage gets worse the more layers that have degraded.

When carbohydrate-rich foods like fruits, candies, bread, or milk stick to the surface of your teeth, tooth decay results. Plaque accumulates on your teeth due to bacteria in your mouth breaking down these food fragments and turning them into acid.

Plaque can destroy the enamel coating on your teeth and cause cavities because it is acidic.

Warning Signs

• Sudden teeth pain, especially after consuming cold, hot, or sugary foods or beverages
• Your teeth have dark patches.
• Discomfort while biting
• Cavities
• Bad breath
• Swelling of gums

Root Causes

Tooth decay can be caused by diet and bacteria. Plaque is a transparent, adhesive material that constantly builds up on your teeth and gums. Bacteria found in plaque feed on the sugars in your diet.

The bacteria produce acids as they eat. After you eat, the acids continue to damage your teeth for at least 20 minutes. These acids erode tooth enamel over time, leading to dental disease.

There are higher chances of developing tooth decay if you:

• Do not clean and floss your teeth on a regular basis
• Avoid seeing a dentist for examinations and cleanings.
• Consuming foods heavy in carbs and sugar.
• Have insufficient fluoride intake. Fluoride strengthens teeth’s resistance to the acids that plaque produces, hence preventing tooth decay.
• Lack sufficient saliva. Saliva helps keep your teeth free from decay by washing away food particles and dangerous substances. Some medical disorders, certain medications, and mouth breathing can all contribute to dry mouth.
• are diabetic.
• Chew tobacco, smoke, or be in an area of smoke.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of cavities:

• Tooth Location: Molars and premolars trap food, making them harder to clean.
• Diet & Snacking: Sugary and starchy foods, along with frequent snacking, fuel bacteria that produce acid.
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Infrequent brushing and flossing lead to plaque buildup and decay.
• Fluoride Deficiency: Lack of fluoride weakens enamel, increasing susceptibility to cavities.
• Age: Children, teenagers, and older adults face higher risks due to changing oral conditions.
• Dry Mouth: Reduced saliva, caused by medical conditions or medications, hampers natural tooth protection.
• Worn Dental Work & Gum Recession: Damaged fillings and exposed tooth roots increase decay risks.
• Medical Conditions: GERD, radiation therapy, and eating disorders contribute to enamel erosion.
• Family History: Genetics may influence enamel strength and saliva composition.1

Understanding these risks can help in taking preventive steps for better oral health.

Different Stages of Tooth Decay

Tooth decay is a progressive condition that deteriorates over time without proper treatment. Recognizing the stages of tooth decay can lead to early detection and prompt treatment, safeguarding your oral health.

STAGE 1 (DEMINERALIZATION)

Enamel, the toughest substance in your body, forms the outer coating of your teeth. When acids from plaque attack your teeth, enamel minerals break down. This can lead to white spots, indicating decay and demineralization. Pain is rarely felt at this stage.

STAGE 2 (ENAMEL DECOMPOSITION)

As dental decay proceeds, your enamel deteriorates more, occasionally leading to tiny holes called cavities in the enamel. Most of the time, surface-level cavities are painless. To stop further decay, your dentist may fill cavities.

STAGE 3 (DENTIN DECAY)

If left unfilled, the cavity will spread to the dentin, the tissue beneath your tooth enamel, causing quicker decay. This can lead to sensitivity to hot and cold foods and drinks as dentin is connected to tooth nerves.

STAGE 4 (DAMAGE TO PULP)

Once decay reaches the innermost layer of the tooth, called the pulp, inflammation and swelling may occur. This puts pressure on the tooth’s nerves, causing pain, especially when exposed to extreme temperatures.

STAGE 5 (ABSCESS)

Bacteria can lead to an infection if decay reaches the tooth’s pulp. This infection may cause an abscess, a pus-filled pocket near the tooth’s root, resulting in inflammation. Symptoms may include fever, gum, face, or jaw swelling, and severe pain that may radiate to the jaw.

Treatment Options

The severity of tooth decay determines the course of treatment.

• Brush your teeth after you wake up and before you go to sleep.
• Use toothpaste containing fluoride.
• Once a day, floss.
• Use mouthwash containing fluoride at least three times a day to prevent plaque.
• For early detection of issues, schedule examinations with your dentist once or twice a year.
• Consume nutritious foods. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and lean proteins are some of these.
• Steer clear of additional sugary foods, particularly those found in some cereals, sweets, candies, and raisins.
• If you smoke, give it up or minimise your usage.
• Inquire about sealants and fluoride treatments from your dentist.

However, you could require one or more treatments if the enamel has been completely destroyed by the deterioration. These could consist of:

• A filling in case a cavity develops.
• A crown is used if your tooth is severely injured and the deterioration is severe. Part of your tooth is replaced with a crown, or cap.
• A root canal is needed if an infection has spread to the tooth’s pulp. A tooth’s diseased pulp is extracted.
• Extraction (removal) of the tooth if the tooth’s root sustains significant damage. The dentist could use an implant or a bridge to replace the missing tooth.

Conclusion

There are foods that erode teeth more than others. The longer these foods remain on the surface of your teeth, the more acidic your mouth is, which promotes cavity formation. This triggers the onset of tooth decay, which damages the enamel over the course of five phases.

If tooth decay is not treated, it will eventually damage teeth and gums to the point where extraction of the affected tooth or root canal therapy will be your only option.

Frequently Asked Questions