Meningitis in Kids: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Meningitis occurs when the thin membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges, become inflamed. This condition is most commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections that spread to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), though parasites or fungi can also trigger it. Children with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of developing this illness. So, it may affect newborns, young children, teenagers, and young adults of all age groups. The common symptoms of Meningitis in kids include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications. If left untreated, meningitis can become quite serious. It can lead to irreversible damage to the brain or nerves and potentially culminate in sepsis, a potentially fatal blood poisoning.

What is Meningitis?

The three thin tissue layers called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed when an infection called meningitis occurs. Both bacteria and viruses can cause meningitis.

Bacterial meningitis is typically more serious than viral meningitis. Permanent harm, such as hearing loss, mental retardation, or even death, can result from bacterial meningitis. Brain damage can occasionally result from swelling. Meningitis can be brought on by drugs, wounds, and diseases, including lupus and cancer, but infections are the most frequent cause.

Certain meningitis infections are prevented by vaccination, but not all are.

Why are Children at Greater Risk of Developing Meningitis?

Meningitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, which is more common in children. Children with the following characteristics have a higher risk of contracting the illness:

• Babies and newborns (the germs can more easily enter their bloodstream due to their underdeveloped immune systems).
• Youngsters who get sinus infections often.
• Children without cochlear implants.
• Those who have recently undergone brain surgery.
• Those who have recently suffered severe head injuries and skull fractures.
• Those who have not received the prescribed vaccine schedule.

Causes of Meningitis in Kids

Sepsis, or bloodstream infection, is typically the cause of meningitis in infants. Most frequently, group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes are the germs that cause the infection that are obtained from the birth canal.

Older infants and children typically become infected when they encounter respiratory secretions (such as nasal mucus or saliva) contaminated with meningitis-causing bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are two bacteria that can affect older infants and children. Meningitis was mostly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B, but it is now uncommon due to extensive vaccination against that bacterium.

Meningitis can also arise from non-infectious sources. Chemical reactions, medication allergies, some cancers, and inflammatory illnesses like sarcoidosis are among them.

Types of Meningitis

Bacterial Meningitis: Bacterial meningitis is typically transmitted from person to person due to the involvement of multiple types of bacteria. Both adults and children in good health have the microorganisms on or in their bodies. Although they can transmit the bacterium to others, it does not imply they will get sick. Getting medical attention as soon as possible is critical since bacterial meningitis can be fatal.

Viral Meningitis: Viruses are the primary cause of meningitis infections. While viral meningitis may not be severe, it frequently has a more severe course in infants under three months of age and in other children at high risk. Serious episodes of viral meningitis can be caused by some viruses, including herpes simplex, even in older individuals and children.

Amebic Meningitis: Naegleria fowleri is the amoeba that causes amebic meningitis. The amoeba ascends the nose and reaches the brain, infecting humans. It is not contagious. Amoebas live in warm freshwater lakes and rivers where people swim. Additionally, contaminated soil, tap water, and splash pads can all harbor this amoeba.

Parasitic Meningitis: Compared to bacterial and viral meningitis, parasitic meningitis occurs far less frequently. Animals host the majority of parasites. Humans can become infected by eating contaminated food or by unintentionally swallowing dirt polluted by diseased animal excrement.

Fungal Meningitis: Many forms of fungi that are found in the environment, specifically in the soil, can cause fungal meningitis. Infection control techniques can also transmit this infection to patients if they are not followed.

Symptoms of Meningitis in Kids

Meningitis caused by bacteria and viruses can present with similar signs and symptoms.

The following are early warning signs:

• Fever and chills, with a rectal temperature (the temperature of a child’s bottom) of more than 100.4°F or 38˚C. Infants younger than three months might not feel feverish.
• Increased fatigue
• Crankiness and fussiness
• Sensitivity to light
• Severe headache
• Vomiting (throwing up) or Nausea
• An unusually high-pitched cry
• Your child may hold their neck motionless or cry when it moves
• Bulging at the fontanel (soft place) on their head occasionally in babies

The signs which develop in the advanced stages of meningitis are:

• Convulsions (seizures)
• Bewilderment
• Loss of consciousness, not waking up when touched
• Stumbling or wobbling when walking
• Hallucinations

Complications Due to Meningitis

Serious consequences can arise from meningitis. The likelihood of seizures and long-term neurological impairment increases with the length of time your kid has the disease without receiving therapy. Some other complications arising out of meningitis are as follows:

• Memory Issues.
• Deficits in learning.
• Damage to the brain.
• Having difficulty walking.
• Fits and seizures.
• Failure of the kidney.
• Perish.
• Distress.
• Difficulty in hearing.

Diagnosing Meningitis in Kids

The doctor will inquire about your child’s medical history and symptoms. Also, he or she might inquire about your family’s medical history. He or she will examine your youngster medically. Additionally, your child can have tests, including a spinal tap (lumbar puncture), blood tests, MRI or CT scan, and swabs from the nose, throat, or rectum.

How to Treat Meningitis in Kids

When a child is diagnosed with meningitis, prompt medical treatment is essential to prevent complications. Here’s what to expect during their care:

• Intravenous (IV) Treatment: A healthcare provider will insert an IV tube into the child’s vein to administer antibiotics immediately, even before lab results confirm the type of infection. The IV may also deliver fluids and other necessary medications.
• Hospitalization Duration: If lab tests detect bacterial meningitis, the child will need extended hospital care, with the length of stay depending on the bacterial strain. If the results confirm viral meningitis, antibiotics will be discontinued, as they are ineffective against viruses.
• Isolation Precautions: The child will remain in isolation for at least 24 hours to prevent the infection from spreading. Visitors and healthcare providers must wear gowns and masks in the room. Family members who have been in contact with the child must also wear masks outside the room. Strict handwashing practices are required to maintain hygiene.
• Fluid and Dietary Restrictions: During the first 24 hours, the child may not be allowed to drink anything. If permitted, fluid intake will be carefully monitored and limited.
• Oxygen Support: Some children may require supplemental oxygen to maintain proper breathing.
• Continuous Monitoring: Nurses will closely track the child’s condition using heart monitors and oxygen saturation monitors. These devices help detect any changes in vital signs early.
• Frequent Blood Tests: Doctors will conduct regular blood tests in the first few days to monitor the child’s response to treatment and adjust care as needed.

Early intervention and proper medical care significantly improve recovery outcomes for children with meningitis.

Understanding Meningitis: Final Thoughts

Remember that meningitis is brought on by an infection that spreads to the cerebral spinal fluid, either bacterial or viral. In addition, a parasite or fungus may induce meningitis. Viral meningitis is less severe and typically occurs more frequently. Typically, more severe bacterial meningitis can result in death or long-term problems.

Infections typically begin in the respiratory tract. In young children, this may initially result in a cold, sinus infection, or ear infection. After entering the bloodstream, the brain and spinal cord may be affected. Numerous vaccinations are available to protect against some of the viral and bacterial illnesses that can result in meningitis.

Frequently Asked Questions