Health 
Find a Pituitary Tumours: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options
March 31, 2025
Pituitary tumours are irregular growths that form in the pituitary gland, a pea-sized organ about the size of a pea located behind the nose at the base of the brain. Some of these tumors cause the gland to produce excessive amounts of certain hormones that regulate essential body functions, while others reduce hormone production.
Several treatment options exist for pituitary tumors. Surgery may be used to remove the tumor, while medications or radiation therapy can help control its growth. In some cases, hormone levels can be regulated with medication. Healthcare providers may suggest a combination of these treatments or, in certain situations, suggest monitoring the tumor’s progress without immediate intervention.
Types of Pituitary Tumors
Most pituitary tumors are noncancerous (benign) and are known as adenomas. These tumors vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Tumors smaller than 1 centimeter (about the size of a dime) are called microadenomas, while those larger than 1 centimeter are known as macroadenomas. Doctors classify pituitary tumors into three main types:
Nonfunctional Adenomas
More than half of pituitary adenomas do not produce excess hormones, making them nonfunctional adenomas. However, as they grow, they can press against surrounding structures, which can lead to symptoms such as headaches or vision problems. In some cases, they compress the pituitary gland, causing hormone levels to drop.
Functional Adenomas
Functional adenomas produce excess amounts of specific hormones, leading to hormonal imbalances and related conditions. These tumors can also grow large enough to cause headaches, vision disturbances, and, in some cases, compression of the pituitary gland, which reduces the secretion of other essential hormones.
Pituitary Carcinoma (Cancerous Tumors)
Although rare, some pituitary tumors are malignant. These pituitary carcinomas can be functional or nonfunctional. Malignant tumors often destroy pituitary tissue, leading to a decrease in hormone production. If left untreated, pituitary cancer can impact vision, trigger severe headaches, and potentially spread to the brain or other parts of the body.
Symptoms
To know if you have a pituitary tumor, watch for these symptoms.
- Headaches: Increased pressure on surrounding tissues can trigger headaches.
- Vision Problems: Tumors pressing on the optic nerve may cause:
- Loss of peripheral vision
- Double vision
- Blurred vision
- Changes in color perception
- Nausea and Vomiting: The tumor’s pressure can lead to nausea and vomiting.
- Facial Pain or Numbness: Compression of facial nerves may result in pain or numbness.
- Drooping Eyelid: When the tumor affects the nerves controlling eye muscles, the eyelid may droop.
- Seizures: In some cases, increased pressure on the brain can trigger seizures.
- Dizziness: The tumor’s effect on surrounding structures may cause dizziness.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of pituitary tumours is still unknown. However, some factors may increase the risk, including:
- Genetic Conditions – Certain inherited disorders, like multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), can make a person more likely to develop these tumours.
- Family History – A family history of pituitary tumours like Carney complex and McCune-Albright syndrome may increase the risk.
- Random Cell Mutations – In most cases, tumours develop due to spontaneous changes in the DNA of pituitary cells.
Treatment Options
The treatment for a pituitary tumour depends on its size, type, and how much it affects the body. Here are the main options:
- Medication – Some tumours that cause hormonal imbalances can be managed with medicines that regulate hormone levels.
- Surgery – If the tumour is causing significant problems, a doctor may suggest surgery to remove it. Most pituitary tumours can be removed through the nose using a minimally invasive procedure.
- Radiation Therapy – If surgery isn’t an option or the tumor isn’t fully removed, radiation can help shrink it or halt its growth.
- Observation – If the tumour is small and not causing symptoms, doctors may monitor it over time without immediate treatment.
When to See a Doctor?
If you experience unexplained headaches, vision changes, or unusual hormonal symptoms, it is important to see a doctor. Early diagnosis can assist in managing the condition effectively and preventing complications.
Overcoming Pituitary Tumors with Proper Care
Pituitary tumours can be concerning, but the good news is that most are treatable. With the right approach, people with these tumours can lead healthy lives. If you or someone you know has symptoms, don’t delay in consulting a doctor for guidance and proper care.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What are a pituitary gland tumor symptoms in a woman?
It may lead to irregular or missed menstrual periods, milky breast discharge (galactorrhea), breast tenderness, and reduced libido. Other symptoms can include headaches and vision problems.
2. Which foods should be avoided when managing a pituitary tumor?
Avoiding processed foods, unhealthy fats, and excess sugars helps reduce inflammation and maintain hormonal balance. Limiting caffeine and high-sodium foods can also promote better pituitary health.
3. What happens if a pituitary tumor goes untreated?
Leaving a pituitary tumor untreated can cause severe complications, including vision problems, hormonal imbalances, and, in some cases, blindness. The tumor’s size and hormone production may also lead to additional health issues.
4. At what size should a pituitary tumor be removed?
There is no specific size that guarantees the need for pituitary tumor removal. However, surgery is usually recommended for macroadenomas (1 cm or larger) or smaller tumors that cause symptoms or continue to grow.
